天津南开中学名师:句型复习之副词从句
来源:http://www.ewt360.com 发布于 2008-10-09 已有 人阅读
南开中学 李士明
ADVERBUAL CLAUSES
我们平常说的状语从句即副词从句,修饰主句中的动词, 从句由连接副词引导,按照含义,可分为时间,地点,条件,方式,原因,目的,结果,程度,让步以及比较状语从句等。学习状语从句的关键不在于从句的种类,重要的是如何正确地依据句义,准确地根据连词自身含义使用好连接副词。为了学习方便,我们在各类从句中分别介绍连词的用法与区别。
时间状语从句
(Adverbial clauses of time)
时间状语从句的常用连接副词有: when, whenever, while, after, before, till, until, as, as soon as, each time, any time, since, by the time…
● when:(从属连词引起状语从句)= after or as soon as something happens 含义为 当…时候
I'll phone you again when I get home.
我到家时,就给你打电话。
(when 在从句中担当get的时间状语,并引导时间状语从句, 修饰谓语动词phone)
★ 注意when:经常在以下三种情况下被用做并列连词,构成并列句,含义为 正当那时突然…(这时主句动作中止) = and at that time suddenly
① Mary was about to go home when the telephone rang. (be about/just to do sth … when…)
马莉刚要起身回家,突然电话铃响了。(回家动作中止。)
② Mary was watching TV when the electricity was gone. ( be doing sth… when…)
马莉正看着电视,突然停电了。(看电视动作中止。)
③ Mary hadn’t slept for long when the order came. ( not do sth. for long… when…)
马力还没睡多长时间,突然命令来了。(睡觉动作中止。)
● while (从属连词引起状语从句) = during the time that something is happening 含义为 与此同时
They arrived while we were having dinner. 我们吃饭的时候,他们来了。
He always listens to the disc while (he’s) driving to work. 他总是一边开车,一边听光盘。
★ 注意while:经常被用做并列连词,构成并列句,含义为 然而这时 = but at the same time
I wonder why they can go home while we have to remain here.
我不明白,为什么他们可以回家,然而我们必须留在这儿。
(句中用了while表示转折含义,如使用but则不含对照两个动作在同一时间相反这一含义。)
● the moment 含义为 就在那一时刻, 来自于at the moment,比连接副词when的含义既准确,又强烈。
He said he had helped Jane the moment he saw her.
他说他看见她的那一刻,就立即帮助了她。
He said he had helped Jane each time he saw her.
他说他每次看见她的时候,都帮助了她。
He said he had helped Jane any time he saw her.
他说他只要看见她的时候,就帮助了她。
He said he had helped Jane the first time he saw her.
他说他第一次看见她的时候,就帮助了她。
He said he had helped Jane the last time he saw her.
他说他最后一次看见她的时候,帮助了她。
注意:以上所有的连词均来自下列词组 at the moment, at each time, at any time, at the first time, at the last time
● until:表示 主句动作(肯定形式)一直进行,终止于从句动作发生时刻。含义为 直到……才
Alice waited until Jim had finished his experiment.
艾利斯一直等到吉姆做完实验才离开。
Until recently, Anna worked as a teacher in Japan.
安娜直到最近才辞去在日本的教师工作。
not until:表示 主句状态(否定形式),终止于从句动作发生时刻。含义为 直到……才
They didn't even own a car until last year.
他们直到去年才买了自己的私家车。
地点状语从句:
(Adverbial clauses of place)
地点状语从句的常用连接副词有 where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere.
● where 听者了解的确切地点
Stay where you are.
呆在你现在的地方,不要动。
● wherever 无限制的任意地点
You can sit wherever you like.
你随意,愿意坐哪就坐哪。
条件状语从句
(Adverbial clauses of condition)
条件状语从句的常用连接副词有 if, unless除非,once 一旦,so long as只要,providing that假若,on condition that在……条件下等。
● if 假如 (if 引起的条件句,分为真实条件句和非真实条件句。)
If it rains,we'll stay at home.
如果明天下雨,我们就不出去了。
(if 引起真实条件句,表明有下雨的可能性。)
If David were here now, he would tell us what to do next.
如果戴维现在在场,它就会告诉我们下一步应该干什么。
(if 引起虚拟条件句,与现在事实相反,表明戴维不在场,也不可能告诉我们下一步应该干什么。)
If you had worked harder, you would have passed your exams.
如果你当时努力学习的话,你考试肯定会通过的。
(if 引起虚拟条件句,与过去事实相反,表明你过去没有努力学习,考试没有通过。)
● once 一旦
Once I get him a job, he'll be fine.
一旦我给他找到一份工作,他的一切问题就迎刃而解了。
● unless 除非 (在表示将来含义时,相当于if…not…)
I can't leave her unless I know she's all right.= I can't leave her if I don’t know whether she's all right.
除非我知道她没有任何问题,否则我是不会离开的。
He must have resigned, unless they fired him.
他肯定已经退休了,除非他被解聘。(句子动词为过去时,不可以用if…not…来替代 unless)
方式状语从句
(Adverbial clauses of manner)
方式状语从句的常用连接副词有as if, as though, as, just as, in the way that
● as if… 仿佛 (从句侧重表示将来动作)
Beckham shook his head as if to say 'Don't trust her'.
贝克汉姆摇了摇头,仿佛要说,“不要相信她的话。”
● as though… 仿佛(从句侧重表示现在或过去事实)
Henry was behaving as though nothing had happened.
亨利当时的举动就好像当初根本没有发生过任何事情一样。
原因状语从句
(Adverbial clauses of cause)
原因状语从句的常用连接副词有 because因为, since既然, as由于此时/当时, for 再说,何况now (that) (目前), seeing as (鉴于), considering (that) (考虑到)
● because 直接唯一原因
We put off our sports meet because the weather was so awful.
因为天气不好,我们的运动会被推迟了。
● since 既然 (表示外界所存在的客观事实)
Since the earth is round, why can’t we fall off ?
既然地球是圆的,那我们为什么掉不下去呢?
● as 含有时间意味,常译为“由于当时或由于此时;随着……”
We asked Philips to come with us, as he knew the road.
我们要求菲利普斯陪我们一起去,由于当时只有他认识路。
As time passed, things seemed to get worse.
随着时间的推移,情况似乎愈加严峻了。
● for 再说;何况(用来对前句附加某些理由,用作并列连词,表示补充说明,相当于and in addition)
It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.
昨天晚上准下雨了,再说地面都积水了。
● now (that) 目前
Now(that) we know each other a little better, we get along fine.
由于眼下互相都有了一些了解,我们大家相处得很好。
● considering (that) 考虑到
I think we paid too much for the house, considering that we needed to get the roof repaired.
考虑到要自己对房子的屋顶进行修缮,我认为我们这房子买贵了。
● seeing as 鉴于
I won't stay long, seeing as you're busy.
鉴于您目前太忙,我就不多呆了。
李士明
南开中学英语高级教师,资深高考英语教学专家。曾任2007年南开区高考英语指导组首席教师,并应天津市教研室邀请,为全市教师做了高考全面复习指导讲座。多年来,一直专职教授南开中学理科实验班,许多学生在获得了数理化各科金牌的同时,英语非但没有受影响,而且在清华、北大等顶尖大学,英语水平同时也成为了他们引以为自豪的强项,莘莘学子深有感触地说,从李老师身上学到的不仅是知识,更重要的是科学深邃的思维方法, 使学生从根本上脱离死记硬背的苦海,摆脱一头雾水的迷茫,达到了举一反三、触类旁通、事半功倍的效果。